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copper (before

  • 1 copper

    I
    1. 'kopə noun
    1) (an element, a metal of a brownish-red colour: This pipe is made of copper.) cobre
    2) ((a piece of) money made of copper or a substitute: Have you any coppers in your change?) penique, pela, perra, calderilla

    2. adjective
    1) (made of copper: a copper pipe.) de cobre
    2) ((also copper-coloured) of the colour of copper.)

    II 'kopə noun
    (a British nickname for a policeman: Run - there's a copper after you!)
    copper n cobre
    tr['kɒpəSMALLr/SMALL]
    2 SMALLBRITISH ENGLISH/SMALL familiar (coin) penique nombre masculino, pela, perra
    copper ['kɑpər] n
    : cobre m
    adj.
    • cobreño, -a adj.
    • cobrizo, -a adj.
    • de cobre adj.
    n.
    • calderilla s.f.
    • caldero s.m.
    • cobre (Química) s.m.
    v.
    • cubrir con cobre v.
    'kɑːpər, 'kɒpə(r)
    1)
    a) u ( metal) cobre m
    b) coppers pl ( coins) (colloq) peniques mpl, perras fpl (Esp fam), quintos mpl (Méx fam), chauchas fpl (Chi fam), vintenes mpl (Ur fam)
    c) ( color) color m cobre; (before n) cobrizo
    2) ( police officer) (colloq) cop I 1)
    ['kɒpǝ(r)]
    1. N
    1) (=material) cobre m
    2) (=utensil) caldera f de lavar
    3) (Brit) * (=coin) perra f (chica), centavo m (LAm); (=penny) penique m
    4) (Brit) see cop 1., 1)
    2. ADJ
    1) (=made of copper) de cobre
    2) (=colour) cobrizo
    3.
    CPD

    copper beech N — haya f roja or de sangre

    copper sulphate N — sulfato m de cobre

    copper wire N — hilo m de cobre

    * * *
    ['kɑːpər, 'kɒpə(r)]
    1)
    a) u ( metal) cobre m
    b) coppers pl ( coins) (colloq) peniques mpl, perras fpl (Esp fam), quintos mpl (Méx fam), chauchas fpl (Chi fam), vintenes mpl (Ur fam)
    c) ( color) color m cobre; (before n) cobrizo
    2) ( police officer) (colloq) cop I 1)

    English-spanish dictionary > copper

  • 2 cobre

    m.
    copper.
    pres.subj.
    3rd person singular (él/ella/ello) Present Subjunctive of Spanish verb: cobrar.
    * * *
    1 (metal) copper
    \
    batir el cobre familiar to go hard at it
    * * *
    noun m.
    * * *
    SM
    1) (Min) copper; LAm * (=céntimo) cent

    no tengo un cobre — I haven't a cent/penny

    - batirse el cobre
    2) (Culin) copper pans pl
    3) (Mús) brass
    4) LAm
    * * *
    a) (Metal, Quím) copper

    mostrar or pelar el cobre — (Col, Méx) to show one's true colors

    b)

    (de) color cobre — copper (before n), copper-colored*

    c) (AmL fam) penny
    * * *
    = copper.
    Ex. Nevertheless, deacidification alone will not stop the decay unless soluble copper compounds are removed from the object or converted to chemically inert compounds.
    ----
    * artesano del cobre = coppersmith.
    * compuesto de cobre = copper compound.
    * de cobre = cupric.
    * obrero del cobre = coppersmith.
    * óxido de cobre = copper oxide.
    * plancha de cobre para la impresión en huecograbado = intaglio copperplate.
    * plancha de impresión de cobre = copperplate.
    * plancha de impresión en relieve de cobre = engraved copper plate.
    * prensa para grabados en cobre = copperplate press.
    * sulfato de cobre = copper sulphate.
    * trabajador del cobre = coppersmith.
    * tubo de cobre = copper pipe.
    * * *
    a) (Metal, Quím) copper

    mostrar or pelar el cobre — (Col, Méx) to show one's true colors

    b)

    (de) color cobre — copper (before n), copper-colored*

    c) (AmL fam) penny
    * * *

    Ex: Nevertheless, deacidification alone will not stop the decay unless soluble copper compounds are removed from the object or converted to chemically inert compounds.

    * artesano del cobre = coppersmith.
    * compuesto de cobre = copper compound.
    * de cobre = cupric.
    * obrero del cobre = coppersmith.
    * óxido de cobre = copper oxide.
    * plancha de cobre para la impresión en huecograbado = intaglio copperplate.
    * plancha de impresión de cobre = copperplate.
    * plancha de impresión en relieve de cobre = engraved copper plate.
    * prensa para grabados en cobre = copperplate press.
    * sulfato de cobre = copper sulphate.
    * trabajador del cobre = coppersmith.
    * tubo de cobre = copper pipe.

    * * *
    1 ( Metal, Quím) copper
    enseñar or pelar el cobre (Col, Méx); to show one's true colors
    2
    (de) color cobre copper ( before n), copper-colored*
    3 ( AmL fam) penny
    no le debo un cobre a nadie I don't owe a cent o a penny to anybody
    * * *

     

    Del verbo cobrar: ( conjugate cobrar)

    cobré es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) pretérito indicativo

    cobre es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) presente subjuntivo

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) presente subjuntivo

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) imperativo

    Multiple Entries:
    cobrar    
    cobre
    cobrar ( conjugate cobrar) verbo transitivo
    1
    a) ‹precio/suma/intereses› to charge;

    ◊ nos cobran 30.000 pesos de alquiler they charge us 30,000 pesos in rent;

    cobre algo por algo/hacer algo to charge sth for sth/doing sth;
    vino a cobre el alquiler she came for the rent o to collect the rent;
    ¿me cobra estas cervezas? can I pay for these beers, please?;
    me cobró el vino dos veces he charged me twice for the wine
    b) ‹ sueldo› to earn;

    ‹ pensión› to draw;
    ◊ cobra 2.000 euros al mes he earns/draws 2,000 euros a month;

    todavía no hemos cobrado junio we still haven't been paid for June
    c) ‹ deuda› to recover;


    d) ‹ cheque› to cash

    2
    a) (Chi) ( pedir):


    b) (Chi) ‹gol/falta› to give

    3 ( adquirir) ‹ fuerzas› to gather;
    ◊ cobre fama/importancia become famous/important

    4 (period) ‹vidas/víctimas› to claim
    verbo intransitivo
    a) cobre por algo/hacer algo to charge for sth/doing sth;

    ◊ ¿me cobra, por favor? can you take for this, please?, can I pay, please?;

    llámame por cobre (Chi, Méx) call collect (AmE), reverse the charges (BrE)

    cobrarse verbo pronominal

    ◊ tenga, cóbrese here you are;

    cóbrese las cervezas can you take for the beers, please?
    b) ( period) ‹vidas/víctimas› to claim

    cobre sustantivo masculino (Metal, Quím) copper
    cobrar
    I verbo transitivo
    1 (pedir un precio) to charge
    (exigir el pago) to collect
    (recibir el pago de una deuda) to recover
    2 (un cheque, un billete de lotería) to cash
    (recibir el salario) to earn: aún no han cobrado el sueldo, they still haven't been paid their salary
    cobra un buen sueldo, he earns a good salary
    3 figurado (alcanzar, lograr) to gain, get: su proyecto cobra hoy importancia, today his project is becoming important
    cobrar ánimos, to take heart
    4 (empezar a sentir) cobrar afecto a alguien/algo, to become very fond of sb/sthg
    II verbo intransitivo
    1 (exigir un pago) ¿me cobra, por favor? I'd like to pay now, please
    nunca me cobra, he never charges me
    2 (recibir el salario) to be paid
    3 fam (recibir una zurra) to catch it, get it
    cobre sustantivo masculino
    1 Min copper
    2 LAm (moneda) copper cent, penny
    ' cobre' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    grabada
    - grabado
    - mina
    - cobrar
    - moho
    - oxidarse
    - sacar
    English:
    copper
    * * *
    cobre nm
    Quím copper; Am Fam
    no tener un cobre to be flat broke
    * * *
    m copper
    * * *
    cobre nm
    : copper
    * * *
    cobre n copper

    Spanish-English dictionary > cobre

  • 3 cúprico

    adj.
    copper, cupric.
    * * *
    1 cupric
    * * *
    - ca adjetivo cupric, copper (before n)
    * * *
    = cupric.
    Ex. This article deals with the degradation of cellulose with ferric and cupric ions in a low-acid medium = Este artículo trata de la degradación de la celulosa con iones de hierro y cobre en un medio bajo en ácido.
    * * *
    - ca adjetivo cupric, copper (before n)
    * * *

    Ex: This article deals with the degradation of cellulose with ferric and cupric ions in a low-acid medium = Este artículo trata de la degradación de la celulosa con iones de hierro y cobre en un medio bajo en ácido.

    * * *
    cupric, copper ( before n)
    * * *
    cúprico, -a adj
    Quím copper;
    óxido/sulfato cúprico copper oxide/sulphate
    * * *
    adj cupric, copper atr

    Spanish-English dictionary > cúprico

  • 4 cuprero

    ADJ Chile copper antes de s
    * * *
    - ra adjetivo (Chi) copper (before n)
    * * *
    - ra adjetivo (Chi) copper (before n)
    * * *
    cuprero -ra
    ( Chi) copper ( before n)
    * * *
    cuprero, -a adj
    Chile copper;
    la producción cuprera copper production

    Spanish-English dictionary > cuprero

  • 5 cuproso

    adj.
    cuprous, like copper.
    * * *
    cuproso -sa
    cuprous, copper ( before n)
    * * *
    cuproso, -a adj
    Quím copper, Espec cuprous

    Spanish-English dictionary > cuproso

  • 6 Coster, John

    [br]
    b. c. 1647 Gloucestershire, England
    d. 13 October 1718 Bristol, England
    [br]
    English innovator in the mining, smelting and working of copper.
    [br]
    John Coster, son of an iron-forge manager in the Forest of Dean, by the age of 38 was at Bristol, where he was "chief agent and sharer therein" in the new lead-smelting methods using coal fuel. In 1685 the work, under Sir Clement Clerke, was abandoned because of patent rights claimed by Lord Grandison, who financed of earlier attempts. Clerke's business turned to the coal-fired smelting of copper under Coster, later acknowledged as responsible for the subsequent success through using an improved reverberatory furnace which separated coal fume from the ores being smelted. The new technique, applicable also to lead and tin smelting, revitalized copper production and provided a basis for new British industry in both copper and brass manufacture during the following century. Coster went on to manage a copper-smelting works, and by the 1690s was supplying Esher copper-and brass-works in Surrey from his Redbrook, Gloucestershire, works on the River Wye. In the next decade he extended his activities to Cornish copper mining, buying ore and organizing ore sales, and supplying the four major copper and brass companies which by then had become established. He also made copper goods in additional water-powered rolling and hammer mills acquired in the Bristol area. Coster was ably assisted by three sons; of these, John and Robert were mainly active in Cornwall. In 1714 the younger John, with his father, patented an "engine for drawing water out of deep mines". The eldest son, Thomas, was more involved at Redbrook, in South Wales and the Bristol area. A few years after the death of his father, Thomas became partner in the brass company of Bristol and sold them the Redbrook site. He became Member of Parliament for Bristol and, by then the only surviving son, planned a large new smelting works at White Rock, Swansea, South Wales, before his death in 1734. Partners outside the family continued the business under a new name.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1714, British patent 397, with John Coster Jr.
    Further Reading
    Rhys Jenkins, 1942, "Copper works at Redbrook and Bristol", Transactions of the Bristol and Gloucestershire Archaeological Society 63.
    Joan Day, 1974–6, "The Costers: copper smelters and manufacturers", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 47:47–58.
    JD

    Biographical history of technology > Coster, John

  • 7 long

    long [lɒŋ] (compar longer ['lɒŋgə(r)], superl longest ['lɒŋgɪst])
    (a) (in size) long (longue);
    ∎ how long is the pool? quelle est la longueur de la piscine?, la piscine fait combien de long?;
    ∎ the pool's 33 metres long la piscine fait 33 mètres de long;
    ∎ the article is 80 pages long l'article fait 80 pages;
    ∎ is it a long way (away)? est-ce loin (d'ici)?;
    ∎ it's a long way to the beach la plage est loin;
    ∎ she can throw a long way elle lance loin;
    ∎ to take the long way round prendre le chemin le plus long;
    ∎ the best by a long way de loin le meilleur;
    ∎ to get or grow longer (shadows) s'allonger; (hair, beard) pousser;
    ∎ long in the leg aux longues jambes;
    ∎ a long face un visage allongé;
    ∎ figurative to have or pull a long face faire la tête, faire une tête de six pieds de long;
    ∎ why the long face? pourquoi est-ce que tu fais cette tête de six pieds de long?
    (b) (in time → pause, speech, separation) long (longue);
    ∎ how long will the flight be/was the meeting? combien de temps durera le vol/a duré la réunion?;
    ∎ the film is three hours long le film dure trois heures;
    ∎ her five-year-long battle with the authorities sa lutte de cinq années contre les autorités;
    ∎ to have a long memory avoir une bonne mémoire;
    ∎ to have a long talk with sb parler longuement avec qn;
    ∎ to get longer (days, intervals) devenir plus long;
    ∎ they want longer holidays ils veulent des vacances plus longues;
    ∎ she took a long swig of beer elle a bu une grande gorgée de bière;
    ∎ they took a long look at the view ils restèrent longtemps à regarder la vue qui s'offrait à eux;
    ∎ it was a long two months ces deux mois ont été longs;
    ∎ I've had a long day j'ai eu une journée bien remplie;
    ∎ in the long term à long terme;
    ∎ it will take a long time cela prendra longtemps, ce sera long;
    ∎ a long time ago il y a (bien) longtemps;
    ∎ it's a long time since I was (last) in Paris ça fait longtemps que je ne suis pas allé à Paris;
    ∎ I've been wanting to go for a long time ça fait longtemps que j'ai envie d'y aller;
    ∎ I've known her (for) a long time or while je la connais depuis longtemps, cela fait longtemps que je la connais;
    ∎ it was a long haul (journey) le voyage a été long; (task, recovery) c'était un travail de longue haleine;
    ∎ at long last! enfin!
    (c) Grammar (vowel, syllable) long (longue)
    ∎ they're long on copper, they've taken a long position on copper ils ont investi dans le cuivre
    ∎ that serve was long ce service était trop long
    ∎ she's long on good ideas elle n'est pas à court de bonnes idées, ce ne sont pas les bonnes idées qui lui manquent;
    ∎ his speeches are long on rhetoric but short on substance ce n'est pas la rhétorique qui manque dans ses discours, c'est la substance
    2 noun
    (a) Grammar (vowel, syllable) longue f
    (b) Finance (bill) effet m à longue échéance
    ∎ the long and the short of it is that I got fired enfin bref, j'ai été viré;
    ∎ that's the long and the short of it! un point c'est tout!
    (a) (a long time) longtemps;
    ∎ they live longer than humans ils vivent plus longtemps que les êtres humains;
    ∎ he won't keep you long/much longer il ne vous gardera pas longtemps/beaucoup plus longtemps;
    ∎ I haven't been here long ça ne fait pas longtemps que je suis là;
    ∎ they haven't been married long ça ne fait pas longtemps qu'ils sont mariés, ils ne sont pas mariés depuis longtemps;
    ∎ how long will he be/was he in jail? (pendant) combien de temps restera-t-il/est-il resté en prison?;
    ∎ how long has he been in jail? ça fait combien de temps qu'il est en prison?, depuis combien de temps est-il en prison?;
    ∎ how long is it since we last visited them? quand sommes-nous allés les voir pour la dernière fois?;
    ∎ it happened long ago/not long ago cela s'est passé il y a longtemps/il n'y a pas longtemps;
    ∎ as long ago as 1937 déjà en 1937;
    ∎ long before you were born bien avant que tu sois né;
    ∎ not long before/after their divorce peu avant/après leur divorce;
    ∎ the decision had been taken long before la décision avait été prise depuis longtemps;
    ∎ long after or afterwards, when these events were mostly forgotten... bien après, alors que ces évènements étaient presque complètement oubliés...;
    ∎ colleagues long since promoted des collègues promus depuis longtemps;
    ∎ a law which had come into force not long since une loi qui était entrée en vigueur depuis peu;
    ∎ to look at sb/sth long and hard fixer qn/qch longuement;
    ∎ figurative to look at sth long and hard se pencher longuement sur qch;
    ∎ I've thought long and hard about this j'y ai longuement réfléchi;
    ∎ we talked long into the night nous avons parlé jusque tard dans la nuit
    (b) (with "be", "take")
    ∎ will you be long? tu en as pour longtemps?;
    ∎ I won't be long je n'en ai pas pour longtemps;
    ∎ please wait, she won't be long attendez, s'il vous plaît, elle ne va pas tarder;
    ∎ are you going to be much longer? tu en as encore pour longtemps?;
    ∎ how much longer will he be? (when will he be ready?) il en a encore pour longtemps?; (when will he arrive?) dans combien de temps sera-t-il là?;
    ∎ don't be or take too long fais vite;
    ∎ it wasn't long before he realized, it didn't take long for him to realize il n'a pas mis longtemps à s'en rendre compte, il s'en est vite rendu compte;
    ∎ he wasn't long in coming il n'a pas tardé à venir;
    ∎ he took or it took him so long to make up his mind... il a mis si longtemps à se décider..., il lui a fallu tellement de temps pour se décider...;
    ∎ how long does it take to get there? combien de temps faut-il pour y aller?;
    ∎ this won't take long ça va être vite fait;
    ∎ this won't take longer than five minutes ça sera fait en moins de cinq minutes
    (c) (in wishes, toasts)
    ∎ long may our partnership continue! à notre collaboration!;
    ∎ long live the Queen! vive la reine!
    (d) (for a long time) depuis longtemps;
    ∎ it has long been known that... on sait depuis longtemps que...;
    ∎ I have long suspected that he was involved in it cela fait longtemps que je le soupçonne ou je le soupçonne depuis longtemps d'être impliqué là-dedans;
    ∎ the longest-running TV series le feuilleton télévisé qui existe depuis le plus longtemps
    ∎ all day/week long toute la journée/la semaine;
    ∎ all my life long toute ma vie
    ∎ to go long acheter à la hausse, prendre une position longue;
    ∎ to buy long acheter à long terme
    ∎ so long! salut!, à bientôt!□
    ∎ I long for him il me manque énormément;
    ∎ she was longing for a letter from you elle attendait impatiemment que vous lui écriviez;
    ∎ we were longing for a cup of tea nous avions très envie d'une tasse de thé;
    ∎ to long or to be longing to do sth être impatient ou avoir hâte de faire qch;
    ∎ he's longing to go back to Italy il meurt d'envie de retourner en Italie;
    ∎ I was longing to tell her the truth je mourais d'envie de lui dire la vérité;
    ∎ I've been longing to meet you for years cela fait des années que je souhaite faire votre connaissance
    Stock Exchange titres mpl longs, obligations fpl longues
    (a) (during the time that) aussi longtemps que, tant que;
    ∎ as long as he's in power, there will be no hope tant qu'il sera au pouvoir, il n'y aura aucun espoir;
    ∎ I'll never forget that day for as long as I live jamais de ma vie je n'oublierai ce jour
    (b) (providing) à condition que, pourvu que;
    ∎ you can have it as long as you give me it back vous pouvez le prendre à condition que ou pourvu que vous me le rendiez;
    ∎ I'll do it as long as I get paid for it je le ferai à condition d'être payé;
    ∎ you can go out as long as you're back before midnight tu peux sortir à condition de rentrer avant minuit;
    ∎ as long as you're happy du moment que tu es heureux
    ∎ as long as you're going to the post office get me some stamps puisque tu vas à la poste, achète-moi des timbres
    (soon) dans peu de temps, sous peu; (soon afterwards) peu (de temps) après;
    ∎ she'll be back before long elle sera de retour dans peu de temps ou sous peu;
    ∎ before long, everything had returned to normal tout était rapidement rentré dans l'ordre
    longtemps;
    ∎ he's still in charge here, but not for long c'est encore lui qui s'en occupe, mais plus pour longtemps
    ne...plus;
    ∎ not any longer plus maintenant;
    ∎ she no longer loves him elle ne l'aime plus;
    ∎ I can't wait any longer je ne peux pas attendre plus longtemps, je ne peux plus attendre;
    ∎ they used to live there, but not any longer ils habitaient là autrefois, mais plus maintenant
    ►► long black grand café m noir;
    Finance long credit crédit m à long terme;
    long drink long drink m; (non-alcoholic) = grand verre de jus de fruits, de limonade etc;
    Finance long hedge couverture f longue, achat m par couverture;
    Long Island Long Island;
    ∎ on Long Island à Long Island;
    Long Island iced tea = cocktail composé de cinq alcools, de bitter et de Coca-Cola;
    familiar long johns caleçon m long□, caleçons mpl longs□ ;
    Sport long jump saut m en longueur;
    Sport long jumper sauteur(euse) m,f en longueur;
    History the Long March la Longue Marche;
    American long pants pantalon m long;
    the Long Parliament le Long Parlement, = Parlement convoqué par Charles Ier en 1640, renvoyé par Cromwell en 1653 et dissous en 1660;
    long pig chair f humaine;
    Stock Exchange long position position f acheteur ou longue;
    ∎ to take a long position acheter à la hausse, prendre une position longue;
    long shot (competitor, racehorse etc) outsider m; (bet) pari m risqué; Cinema plan m éloigné; figurative entreprise f hasardeuse;
    ∎ it's a bit of a long shot il y a peu de chances pour que cela réussisse;
    ∎ it's a bit of a long shot, but we may be successful c'est une entreprise hasardeuse mais nous réussirons peut-être;
    ∎ I haven't finished, not by a long shot je n'ai pas fini, loin de là;
    Technology long ton tonne f anglaise;
    long trousers pantalon m long;
    University long vacation grandes vacances fpl, vacances fpl d'été;
    long view prévisions fpl à long terme;
    ∎ to take the long view envisager les choses à long terme;
    long vodka = cocktail à base de vodka, de bitter, de sirop de citron vert et de soda ou limonade;
    Radio long wave grandes ondes fpl;
    ∎ on long wave sur les grandes ondes;
    long weekend week-end m prolongé;
    ∎ to take a long weekend prendre un week-end prolongé
    ✾ Play 'Long Day's Journey into Night' O'Neill 'Long Voyage vers la nuit'

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > long

  • 8 desde entonces

    adv.
    ever since, from that time on, ever after, from that time.
    * * *
    since then
    * * *
    * * *
    = ever since, henceforth, in the interim, since, since that time, since then, henceforward, ever since then, ever since then, thenceforth, in the intervening years, ever after, in the intervening period, since that day
    Ex. By the 1820s good white paper was regularly produced with the aid of chlorine bleaches, and the process has been used in the manufacture of virtually all white paper ever since.
    Ex. Henceforth the inventory function was no longer to be a part of the functions of the library's catalog.
    Ex. In the interim there has been considerable activity in developing guidelines for catalogue headings and in compiling authority lists.
    Ex. It has since been echoed repeatedly in the discussion of cataloging despite the persuasive and decisive refutation of it by Panizzi before the Royal Commission.
    Ex. This practice has been adopted by a number of national cataloguing codes promulgated since that time.
    Ex. Since then library planning has developed along lines best suited to British practise and needs.
    Ex. Originally the advent of on-line interactive searches was hailed by some as a boon to users who could henceforward conduct their own searches.
    Ex. Ever since then, numerous materials have been tried for producing types, including baked mud, wood engraving, copper, tin, and lead.
    Ex. Ever since then, numerous materials have been tried for producing types, including baked mud, wood engraving, copper, tin, and lead.
    Ex. From 1751 to 1766 he copied out the details of all the various processes in two books, which were thenceforth kept in the factory's archives.
    Ex. In the intervening years reference collections and reference services have changed greatly with the introduction of electronic media.
    Ex. The author focuses on debunking the Cinderella Myth -- that relates the tale of Cinderella who is abused and exploited until she finds Prince Charming and lives happily ever after.
    Ex. The present survey involved contacting the same libraries and institutions in order to see what changes had taken place in the intervening period.
    Ex. A lot has been written about the plunge in consumer confidence since that day.
    * * *
    = ever since, henceforth, in the interim, since, since that time, since then, henceforward, ever since then, ever since then, thenceforth, in the intervening years, ever after, in the intervening period, since that day

    Ex: By the 1820s good white paper was regularly produced with the aid of chlorine bleaches, and the process has been used in the manufacture of virtually all white paper ever since.

    Ex: Henceforth the inventory function was no longer to be a part of the functions of the library's catalog.
    Ex: In the interim there has been considerable activity in developing guidelines for catalogue headings and in compiling authority lists.
    Ex: It has since been echoed repeatedly in the discussion of cataloging despite the persuasive and decisive refutation of it by Panizzi before the Royal Commission.
    Ex: This practice has been adopted by a number of national cataloguing codes promulgated since that time.
    Ex: Since then library planning has developed along lines best suited to British practise and needs.
    Ex: Originally the advent of on-line interactive searches was hailed by some as a boon to users who could henceforward conduct their own searches.
    Ex: Ever since then, numerous materials have been tried for producing types, including baked mud, wood engraving, copper, tin, and lead.
    Ex: Ever since then, numerous materials have been tried for producing types, including baked mud, wood engraving, copper, tin, and lead.
    Ex: From 1751 to 1766 he copied out the details of all the various processes in two books, which were thenceforth kept in the factory's archives.
    Ex: In the intervening years reference collections and reference services have changed greatly with the introduction of electronic media.
    Ex: The author focuses on debunking the Cinderella Myth -- that relates the tale of Cinderella who is abused and exploited until she finds Prince Charming and lives happily ever after.
    Ex: The present survey involved contacting the same libraries and institutions in order to see what changes had taken place in the intervening period.
    Ex: A lot has been written about the plunge in consumer confidence since that day.

    Spanish-English dictionary > desde entonces

  • 9 compuesto

    adj.
    1 compound, mixed, complex.
    2 repaired, fixed, re-fitted, refitted.
    3 composite.
    4 self-composed.
    m.
    compound, mixture.
    past part.
    past participle of spanish verb: componer.
    * * *
    1 (químico, farmacéutico, etc) compound
    ————————
    1→ link=componer componer
    1 (gen) compound
    2 (reparado) repaired, mended
    3 (elegante) dressed up; (arreglado) tidy
    4 figurado (comedido) composed
    1 (químico, farmacéutico, etc) compound
    \
    quedarse compuesta y sin novio to be left in the lurch
    * * *
    1. noun m. 2. (f. - compuesta)
    adj.
    * * *
    1.
    VB [pp] de componer

    estar compuesto de — to be composed of, consist of

    2. ADJ
    1) (Mat, Econ, Ling, Quím) compound; (Bot) composite
    2) (=elegante) dressed up, smart
    3) (=tranquilo) composed
    3. SM
    1) (Quím) compound
    2) (Ling) compound, compound word
    3) (Med, Odontología) compound
    * * *
    I
    - ta adjetivo
    1) <oración/número/flor> compound (before n)
    2) ( acicalado) dressed up, spruced up (colloq)
    3) ( sereno) composed; ver tb componer
    II
    masculino compound
    * * *
    = composite, compound, agglomerate, composite, compound, aggregated.
    Ex. The scheme is basically enumerative with simple and composite or compound subjects listed within each class.
    Ex. Thus all simple and all compound or complex subjects are listed.
    Ex. The latter plays an important role in that it is used as an anteriorizing symbol to give the notation for agglomerates.
    Ex. The advanced materials studied were those composites based on ceramic, boron, and carbon fibres = Los materiales avanzados estudiados eran los compuestos de fibras de cerámica, boro y carbón.
    Ex. Even more severe problems arise when we consider isomers: compounds containing the same atoms in each molecule, but differently arranged.
    Ex. These numbers have no meaning or correlation to anything outside of the aggregated data file in which they appear.
    ----
    * apellido compuesto = compound surname.
    * catálogo de listado de ordenador compuesto tipográficamente = typeset computer book form catalogue.
    * colocar como primer elemento de un encabezamiento compuesto = lead.
    * compuesto de cobre = copper compound.
    * compuesto de telurio = telluride.
    * compuesto de trozos = piecewise.
    * compuesto de variables = piecewise.
    * compuesto de varias palabras = multi-word.
    * compuesto de varios países = multi-country [multicountry].
    * compuesto inorgánico = inorganic compound.
    * compuesto metálico = metal compound.
    * compuesto orgánico = organic compound.
    * compuesto químico = chemical compound.
    * descriptor compuesto de varias palabras = multiple-word descriptor.
    * documento compuesto = composite document.
    * encabezamiento compuesto = composite heading, compound heading.
    * encabezamiento compuesto de varias palabras = multi-word heading.
    * índice de listado de ordenador compuesto tipográficamente = typeset computer book form index.
    * institución compuesta de miembros = membership organisation.
    * interés compuesto = compound interest.
    * materia compuesta = composite subject, compound subject.
    * nombre compuesto = double-barrelled name.
    * nombre compuesto por varias palabras = multiple-word name.
    * obra compuesta = composite work.
    * término compuesto de conceptos múltiples = multiple-concept term.
    * termino inicial de un encabezamiento compuesto = lead term, main heading.
    * * *
    I
    - ta adjetivo
    1) <oración/número/flor> compound (before n)
    2) ( acicalado) dressed up, spruced up (colloq)
    3) ( sereno) composed; ver tb componer
    II
    masculino compound
    * * *
    = composite, compound, agglomerate, composite, compound, aggregated.

    Ex: The scheme is basically enumerative with simple and composite or compound subjects listed within each class.

    Ex: Thus all simple and all compound or complex subjects are listed.
    Ex: The latter plays an important role in that it is used as an anteriorizing symbol to give the notation for agglomerates.
    Ex: The advanced materials studied were those composites based on ceramic, boron, and carbon fibres = Los materiales avanzados estudiados eran los compuestos de fibras de cerámica, boro y carbón.
    Ex: Even more severe problems arise when we consider isomers: compounds containing the same atoms in each molecule, but differently arranged.
    Ex: These numbers have no meaning or correlation to anything outside of the aggregated data file in which they appear.
    * apellido compuesto = compound surname.
    * catálogo de listado de ordenador compuesto tipográficamente = typeset computer book form catalogue.
    * colocar como primer elemento de un encabezamiento compuesto = lead.
    * compuesto de cobre = copper compound.
    * compuesto de telurio = telluride.
    * compuesto de trozos = piecewise.
    * compuesto de variables = piecewise.
    * compuesto de varias palabras = multi-word.
    * compuesto de varios países = multi-country [multicountry].
    * compuesto inorgánico = inorganic compound.
    * compuesto metálico = metal compound.
    * compuesto orgánico = organic compound.
    * compuesto químico = chemical compound.
    * descriptor compuesto de varias palabras = multiple-word descriptor.
    * documento compuesto = composite document.
    * encabezamiento compuesto = composite heading, compound heading.
    * encabezamiento compuesto de varias palabras = multi-word heading.
    * índice de listado de ordenador compuesto tipográficamente = typeset computer book form index.
    * institución compuesta de miembros = membership organisation.
    * interés compuesto = compound interest.
    * materia compuesta = composite subject, compound subject.
    * nombre compuesto = double-barrelled name.
    * nombre compuesto por varias palabras = multiple-word name.
    * obra compuesta = composite work.
    * término compuesto de conceptos múltiples = multiple-concept term.
    * termino inicial de un encabezamiento compuesto = lead term, main heading.

    * * *
    compuesto1 -ta
    A
    1 ‹oración/sustantivo› compound ( before n)
    2 ‹interés/número› compound ( before n)
    3 ‹flor› compound; ‹hoja› composite
    B (acicalado) dressed up, spruced up ( colloq)
    compound
    * * *

     

    Del verbo componer: ( conjugate componer)

    compuesto es:

    el participio

    Multiple Entries:
    componer    
    compuesto
    componer ( conjugate componer) verbo transitivo
    a) ( constituir) ‹jurado/equipo/plantilla› to make up;


    b) ‹sinfonía/canción/verso› to compose

    c) (esp AmL) ( arreglar) ‹reloj/radio/zapatos› to repair

    d) (AmL) ‹ hueso› to set

    verbo intransitivo
    to compose
    componerse verbo pronominal
    1 ( estar formado) compuestose de algo to be made up of sth, to consist of sth;

    2 (esp AmL fam) [ persona] to get better
    compuesto
    ◊ -ta adjetivo ‹oración/número/flor› compound ( before n);

    ver tb componer
    componer
    I verbo transitivo
    1 (constituir) to compose, make up
    2 (formar) to make: no fui capaz de componer el puzzle, I was not able to do the jigsaw
    3 (reparar) to mend, repair
    4 Impr to set
    II verbo transitivo & verbo intransitivo Mús Lit to compose
    compuesto,-a
    I adjetivo
    1 (que no es simple) compound
    2 (formado por) composed [de, of]
    II sustantivo masculino compound

    ' compuesto' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    compuesta
    - constar
    - simple
    - componer
    - nombre
    - por
    English:
    composite
    - compound
    - double-barrelled
    - modular
    - compose
    - double
    - make
    * * *
    compuesto, -a
    ♦ participio
    ver componer
    ♦ adj
    1. [formado]
    compuesto de composed of, made up of
    2. [múltiple] compound;
    [número] compound;
    interés compuesto compound interest;
    ojo compuesto compound eye
    3. [oración, tiempo] compound
    4. [flor, hoja] composite
    5. [acicalado] dressed up
    6. Comp
    quedarse compuesto y sin novia [perder la novia] to be abandoned at the altar;
    [perder algo] to be left high and dry
    ♦ nm
    Quím compound compuesto orgánico organic compound;
    compuesto químico chemical compound
    * * *
    I adj composed;
    estar compuesto de be composed of
    II m compound
    * * *
    compuesto, -ta adj
    1) : fixed, repaired
    2) : compound, composite
    3) : decked out, spruced up
    4)
    compuesto de : made up of, consisting of
    : compound
    * * *
    compuesto1 adj compound
    estar compuesto de/por to consist of / to be made up of
    compuesto2 n compound

    Spanish-English dictionary > compuesto

  • 10 Momma (Mumma), Jacob

    SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy
    [br]
    b. early seventeenth century Germany
    d. 1679 England
    [br]
    German (naturalized English) immigrant skilled in the manufacture and production of brass, who also mined and smelted copper.
    [br]
    The protestant Momma family were well known in Aachen, the seventeenth-century centre of German brass production. Subjected to religious pressures, some members of the family moved to nearby Stolberg, while others migrated to Sweden, starting brass manufacture there. Jacob travelled to England, establishing brassworks with two German partners at Esher in Surrey in 1649; theirs was the only such works in England to survive for more than a few years during the seventeenth century.
    Jacob, naturalized English by 1660, is often referred to in England as Mummer or another variant of his name. He became respected, serving as a juror, and was appointed a constable in 1661. During the 1660s Momma was engaged in mining copper at Ecton Hill, Staffordshire, where he was credited with introducing gunpowder to English mining technology. He smelted his ore at works nearby in an effort to secure copper supplies, but the whole project was brief and unprofitable.
    The alternative imported copper required for his brass came mainly from Sweden, its high cost proving a barrier to viable English brass production. In 1662 Momma petitioned Parliament for some form of assistance. A year later he pleaded further for higher tariffs against brass-wire imports as protection from the price manipulation of Swedish exporters. He sought support from the Society of Mineral and Battery Works, the Elizabethan monopoly (see Dockwra, William) claiming jurisdiction over the country's working of brass, but neither petition succeeded. Despite these problems with the high cost of copper supplies in England, Momma continued his business and is recorded as still paying hearth tax on his twenty brass furnaces up to 1664. Although these were abandoned before his death and he claimed to have lost £6,000 on his brassworks, his wire mills survived him for a few years under the management of his son.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    J.Morton, 1985, The rise of the modern copper and brass industry: 1690 to 1750, unpublished thesis: University of Birmingham, 16–25.
    J.Day, 1984, "The continental origins of Bristol Brass", Industrial Archaeology Review 8/1: 32–56.
    John Robey, 1969, "Ecton copper mines in the seventeenth century", Bulletin of the Peak District Mines Historic Society 4(2):145–55 (the most comprehensive published account).
    JD

    Biographical history of technology > Momma (Mumma), Jacob

  • 11 Clerke, Sir Clement

    SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy
    [br]
    d. 1693
    [br]
    English entrepreneur responsible, with others, for attempts to introduce coal-fired smelting of lead and, later, of copper.
    [br]
    Clerke, from Launde Abbey in Leicestershire, was involved in early experiments to smelt lead using coal fuel, which was believed to have been located on the Leicestershire-Derbyshire border. Concurrently, Lord Grandison was financing experiments at Bristol for similar purposes, causing the downfall of an earlier unsuccessful patented method before securing his own patent in 1678. In that same year Clerke took over management of the Bristol works, claiming the ability to secure financial return from Grandison's methods. Financial success proved elusive, although the technical problems of adapting the reverberatory furnace to coal fuel appear to have been solved when Clerke was found to have established another lead works nearby on his own account. He was forced to cease work on lead in 1684 in respect of Grandison's patent rights. Clerke then turned to investigations into the coal-fired smelting of other metals and started to smelt copper in coal-fired reverberatory furnaces. By 1688–9 small supplied of merchantable copper were offered for sale in London in order to pay his workers, possibly because of further financial troubles. The practical success of his smelting innovation is widely acknowledged to have been the responsibility of John Coster and, to a smaller extent, Gabriel Wayne, both of whom left Clerke and set up separate works elsewhere. Clerke's son Talbot took over administration of his father's works, which declined still further and closed c. 1693, at about the time of Sir Clement's death. Both Coster and Wayne continued to develop smelting techniques, establishing a new British industry in the smelting of copper with coal.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Created baronet 1661.
    Further Reading
    Rhys Jenkins, 1934, "The reverberatory furnace with coal fuel", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 34:67–81.
    —1943–4, "Copper smelting in England: Revival at the end of the seventeenth century", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 24:78–80.
    J.Morton, 1985, The Rise of the Modern Copper and Brass Industry: 1690 to 1750, unpublished PhD thesis, University of Birmingham, 87–106.
    JD

    Biographical history of technology > Clerke, Sir Clement

  • 12 deposit

    di'pozit
    1. verb
    1) (to put or set down: She deposited her shopping-basket in the kitchen.) depositar, dejar
    2) (to put in for safe keeping: He deposited the money in the bank.) ingresar, depositar

    2. noun
    1) (an act of putting money in a bank etc: She made several large deposits at the bank during that month.) depósito, ingreso
    2) (an act of paying money as a guarantee that money which is or will be owed will be paid: We have put down a deposit on a house in the country.) señal, fianza
    3) (the money put into a bank or paid as a guarantee in this way: We decided we could not afford to go on holiday and managed to get back the deposit which we had paid.) señal
    4) (a quantity of solid matter that has settled at the bottom of a liquid, or is left behind by a liquid: The flood-water left a yellow deposit over everything.) depósito
    5) (a layer (of coal, iron etc) occurring naturally in rock: rich deposits of iron ore.) capa
    1. señal / depósito / entrada
    2. fianza
    deposit2 vb depositar
    tr[dɪ'pɒzɪt]
    1 (sediment) sedimento, depósito; (in wine bottle) poso, heces nombre masculino plural; (layer) capa
    2 (mining - of gold, copper, tin, etc) yacimiento; (of gas) depósito
    3 SMALLFINANCE/SMALL (payment into account) depósito, ingreso
    4 SMALLCOMMERCE/SMALL (returnable payment) depósito, fianza; (on smaller purchase) paga y señal nombre femenino; (first payment) entrada
    ■ we put a deposit of £1,000 on the house dimos una entrada de 1.000 libras para la casa
    ■ if you leave a deposit, we can keep it for you si dejas una paga y señal, te lo podemos guardar
    1 (leave - gen) depositar, dejar; (put down, set down, drop) depositar, poner; (of silt, sediment) depositar
    3 (pay as a deposit) entregar como depósito, pagar un depósito de
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    deposit account cuenta de ahorros
    deposit [di'pɑzət] vt, - ited ; - iting : depositar
    1) : depósito m (en el banco)
    2) down payment: entrega f inicial
    3) : depósito m, yacimiento m (en geología)
    n.
    • consignación s.f.
    • depositar s.m.
    • depósito (Sedimento) s.m.
    • fianza s.f.
    • imposición s.f.
    • yacimiento s.m.
    v.
    • consignar v.
    • depositar v.
    • ingresar v.
    • sedimentar v.

    I dɪ'pɑːzət, dɪ'pɒzɪt
    1)
    a) ( set down) depositar, poner*
    b) ( Geol) \<\<silt\>\> depositar
    2)
    a) ( leave) depositar
    b) \<\<money\>\> depositar, ingresar (Esp)

    II
    1)
    a) ( payment into account) depósito m, ingreso m (Esp); (before n)

    deposit slip — comprobante m or (RPl) boleta f de depósito, resguardo m de ingreso (Esp)

    b) ( down payment - on large amounts) depósito m, entrega f inicial; (- on small amounts) depósito m, señal f, seña f (RPl)
    c) ( security) depósito m, fianza f

    is there a deposit on this bottle? — ¿cobran el envase or (Esp, Méx) casco?

    2) (accumulation - of silt, mud) depósito m; (- of dust) capa f
    3) ( Min) ( of gas) depósito m; (of gold, copper) yacimiento m
    [dɪ'pɒzɪt]
    1. N
    1) (in bank) depósito m

    to have £50 on deposit — tener 50 libras en cuenta de ahorros

    2) (Comm) (=part payment) (on hire purchase, car) depósito m, enganche m (Mex); (on house) desembolso m inicial, entrada f (Sp); (=returnable security) señal f, fianza f

    to put down a deposit of £50 — dejar un depósito de 50 libras

    he paid a £2,000 deposit on the house — hizo un desembolso inicial de 2.000 libras para la casa, dio una entrada de 2.000 libras para la casa (Sp)

    to lose one's deposit — (Brit) (Pol) perder el depósito

    3) (Chem) poso m, sedimento m
    4) (Geol) [of gas] depósito m ; [of mineral] yacimiento m
    2. VT
    1) (=put down) depositar; (=leave) [+ luggage] consignar, dejar (en consigna); [+ eggs] poner; [+ object] depositar ( with en); dejar ( with con)
    2) (in bank) [+ money] depositar, ingresar (in en)

    I want to deposit £10 in my account — quiero ingresar 10 libras en mi cuenta

    to deposit £2,000 on a house — hacer un desembolso inicial or (Sp) dar una entrada de 2.000 libras para una casa

    3) (Geol, Chem) depositar
    3.
    CPD

    deposit account N — cuenta f de ahorros

    deposit slip N — hoja f de ingreso

    * * *

    I [dɪ'pɑːzət, dɪ'pɒzɪt]
    1)
    a) ( set down) depositar, poner*
    b) ( Geol) \<\<silt\>\> depositar
    2)
    a) ( leave) depositar
    b) \<\<money\>\> depositar, ingresar (Esp)

    II
    1)
    a) ( payment into account) depósito m, ingreso m (Esp); (before n)

    deposit slip — comprobante m or (RPl) boleta f de depósito, resguardo m de ingreso (Esp)

    b) ( down payment - on large amounts) depósito m, entrega f inicial; (- on small amounts) depósito m, señal f, seña f (RPl)
    c) ( security) depósito m, fianza f

    is there a deposit on this bottle? — ¿cobran el envase or (Esp, Méx) casco?

    2) (accumulation - of silt, mud) depósito m; (- of dust) capa f
    3) ( Min) ( of gas) depósito m; (of gold, copper) yacimiento m

    English-spanish dictionary > deposit

  • 13 barro

    m.
    1 mud (fango).
    2 clay (arcilla).
    una figurita de barro a clay figure
    3 blackhead (grano).
    4 pimple.
    pres.indicat.
    1st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: barrer.
    * * *
    1 (grano) spot, pimple
    ————————
    1 (lodo) mud
    2 (arcilla) clay
    3 (objeto) earthenware object
    \
    de barro earthenware
    * * *
    noun m.
    1) clay
    2) mud
    * * *
    SM
    1) (=lodo) mud
    2) (Arte) (=arcilla) potter's clay
    3) (=loza) earthenware
    pl barros earthenware sing, crockery sing
    4) ** (=dinero) dough **, brass *
    * (=desacierto)
    6) (Anat) pimple
    7)

    barros luca — Chile toasted ham and cheese sandwich

    * * *
    a) ( lodo) mud
    b) (Art) clay, earthenware (before n)
    * * *
    = mud, clay, earthenware.
    Ex. Ever since then, numerous materials have been tried for producing types, including baked mud, wood engraving, copper, tin, and lead = Desde entonces, se han probado muchos materiales para producir los tipos de imprenta, incluido el barro cocido, los tallados en madera, el cobre, el estaño y el plomo.
    Ex. Even 1950-2000 is a fairly short time, considering that the first library catalog dates from a piece of clay fried in 3000 BC = Incluso 1950-2000 es un tiempo bastante corto, considerando que el primer catálogo de biblioteca data de un trozo de arcilla cocida del 3000 A.C.
    Ex. It was produced in earthenware, metalwork and bone china and in its heyday was used by the great transatlantic liners and by hotel and restaurant chains.
    ----
    * baño de barro = mud bath.
    * bola de barro = mudpie.
    * cubierto de barro = muddy [muddier -comp., muddiest -sup,].
    * manchado de barro = draggled.
    * objeto de barro = earthenware.
    * revolcarse en el barro = wallow in + the mud.
    * tablilla de barro = clay tablet.
    * * *
    a) ( lodo) mud
    b) (Art) clay, earthenware (before n)
    * * *
    = mud, clay, earthenware.

    Ex: Ever since then, numerous materials have been tried for producing types, including baked mud, wood engraving, copper, tin, and lead = Desde entonces, se han probado muchos materiales para producir los tipos de imprenta, incluido el barro cocido, los tallados en madera, el cobre, el estaño y el plomo.

    Ex: Even 1950-2000 is a fairly short time, considering that the first library catalog dates from a piece of clay fried in 3000 BC = Incluso 1950-2000 es un tiempo bastante corto, considerando que el primer catálogo de biblioteca data de un trozo de arcilla cocida del 3000 A.C.
    Ex: It was produced in earthenware, metalwork and bone china and in its heyday was used by the great transatlantic liners and by hotel and restaurant chains.
    * baño de barro = mud bath.
    * bola de barro = mudpie.
    * cubierto de barro = muddy [muddier -comp., muddiest -sup,].
    * manchado de barro = draggled.
    * objeto de barro = earthenware.
    * revolcarse en el barro = wallow in + the mud.
    * tablilla de barro = clay tablet.

    * * *
    A
    1 (lodo) mud
    traes los zapatos llenos de barro your shoes are covered in mud
    arrastraron su buen nombre por el barro they dragged his good name through the mud
    2 ( Art) clay
    una cazuela de barro a clay o an earthenware dish
    barros earthenware
    Compuestos:
    fired clay
    fire clay, refractory clay
    * * *

     

    Del verbo barrer: ( conjugate barrer)

    barro es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo

    Multiple Entries:
    barrer    
    barro
    barrer ( conjugate barrer) verbo transitivo
    1 ‹suelo/cocina› to sweep
    2


    verbo intransitivo
    1 ( con escoba) to sweep
    2 ( arrasar) [equipo/candidato] to sweep to victory;
    barro con algo ‹con premios/medallas› to walk off with sth;

    barrió con todos los premios she walked off with all the prizes
    barrerse verbo pronominal (Méx) [ vehículo] to skid;
    (en fútbol, béisbol) to slide
    barro sustantivo masculino ( lodo) mud;
    (Art) clay, earthenware ( before n)
    barrer
    I verbo transitivo
    1 to sweep: hace una semana que no barro el salón, I haven't swept the living room for a week
    el anticiclón está barriendo el norte, the anticyclone is sweping through the North
    2 (destruir, rechazar) to sweep away
    II verbo intransitivo
    1 (en una votación) to win by a landslide: el partido conservador barrió en las regiones del norte, the conservatives won by a landslide in the North
    2 (acaparar, agotar las existencias) to take away: los clientes barrieron con las ofertas, the customers snapped up the bargains
    ♦ Locuciones: barrer para casa, to look after number one
    barro sustantivo masculino
    1 (mezcla de tierra y agua) mud
    una mascarilla de b., a mud face pack
    2 (para alfarería) clay
    ' barro' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    barnizar
    - barrer
    - cacerola
    - empantanarse
    - entera
    - entero
    - fango
    - loza
    - moldear
    - pisada
    - salpicar
    - tarro
    - vasija
    - chapotear
    - ensuciar
    - forma
    - hundir
    - limo
    - lodo
    - moldeable
    English:
    cake
    - churn
    - earthenware
    - land
    - mud
    - muddy
    - plough through
    - sink
    - stick
    - fast
    - knee
    - scrape
    - wade
    * * *
    barro nm
    1. [fango] mud;
    arrastrarse por el barro to abase oneself
    2. [arcilla] clay;
    una figurita de barro a clay figure
    barro cocido terracotta
    3. [grano] spot
    4. Cuba Fam [peso] peso
    5. Chile barros jarpa [ropa] morning coat;
    [sandwich] toasted ham and cheese sandwich;
    barros luco [sandwich] toasted beef and cheese sandwich
    * * *
    m mud
    * * *
    barro nm
    1) lodo: mud
    2) arcilla: clay
    3) espinilla, grano: pimple, blackhead
    * * *
    1. (lodo) mud
    2. (arcilla) clay

    Spanish-English dictionary > barro

  • 14 длительный допустимый ток

    1. Strombelastbarkeit, f
    2. Dauerstrombelastbarkeit, f

     

    (длительный) допустимый ток
    Максимальное значение электрического тока, который может протекать длительно по проводнику, устройству или аппарату при определенных условиях без превышения определенного значения их температуры в установившемся режиме
    [ ГОСТ Р МЭК 60050-826-2009]

    Этот ток обозначают IZ
    [ ГОСТ Р 50571. 1-2009 ( МЭК 60364-1: 2005)]

    EN

    (continuous) current-carrying capacity
    ampacity (US)
    maximum value of electric current which can be carried continuously by a conductor, a device or an apparatus, under specified conditions without its steady-state temperature exceeding a specified value
    [IEV number 826-11-13]

    ampacity
    The current in amperes that a conductor can carry continuously under the conditions of use without exceeding its temperature rating.
    [National Electrical Cod]

    FR

    courant (permanent) admissible, m
    valeur maximale du courant électrique qui peut parcourir en permanence, un conducteur, un dispositif ou un appareil, sans que sa température de régime permanent, dans des conditions données, soit supérieure à la valeur spécifiée
    [IEV number 826-11-13]

    Ampacity, the term is defined as the maximum amount of current a cable can carry before sustaining immediate or progressive deterioration. Also described as current rating or current-carrying capacity, is the RMS electric current which a device can continuously carry while remaining within its temperature rating. The ampacity of a cable depends on:

    • its insulation temperature rating;
    • conductor electrical properties for current;
    • frequency, in the case of alternating currents;
    • ability to dissipate heat, which depends on cable geometry and its surroundings;
    • ambient temperature.

    Electric wires have some resistance, and electric current flowing through them causes voltage drop and power dissipation, which heats the cable. Copper or aluminum can conduct a large amount of current before melting, but long before the conductors melt, their insulation would be damaged by the heat.

    The ampacity for a power cable is thus based on physical and electrical properties of the material & construction of the conductor and of its insulation, ambient temperature, and environmental conditions adjacent to the cable. Having a large overall surface area may dissipate heat well if the environment can absorb the heat.

    In a long run of cable, different conditions govern, and installation regulations normally specify that the most severe condition along the run governs the cable's rating. Cables run in wet or oily locations may carry a lower temperature rating than in a dry installation. Derating is necessary for multiple circuits in close proximity. When multiple cables are near, each contributes heat to the others and diminishes the amount of cooling air that can flow past the individual cables. The overall ampacity of the insulated conductors in a bundle of more than 3 must be derated, whether in a raceway or cable. Usually the de-rating factor is tabulated in a nation's wiring regulations.

    Depending on the type of insulating material, common maximum allowable temperatures at the surface of the conductor are 60, 75 and 90 degrees Celsius, often with an ambient air temperature of 30°C. In the U.S., 105°C is allowed with ambient of 40°C, for larger power cables, especially those operating at more than 2 kV. Likewise, specific insulations are rated 150, 200 or 250°C.

    The allowed current in cables generally needs to be decreased (derated) when the cable is covered with fireproofing material.

    For example, the United States National Electric Code, Table 310-16, specifies that up to three 8 AWG copper wires having a common insulating material (THWN) in a raceway, cable, or direct burial has an ampacity of 50 A when the ambient air is 30°C, the conductor surface temperature allowed to be 75°C. A single insulated conductor in air has 70 A rating.

    Ampacity rating is normally for continuous current, and short periods of overcurrent occur without harm in most cabling systems. The acceptable magnitude and duration of overcurrent is a more complex topic than ampacity.

    When designing an electrical system, one will normally need to know the current rating for the following:

    Some devices are limited by power rating, and when this power rating occurs below their current limit, it is not necessary to know the current limit to design a system. A common example of this is lightbulb holders.

    [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampacity]

    Тематики

    • электротехника, основные понятия

    Синонимы

    EN

    DE

    • Dauerstrombelastbarkeit, f
    • Strombelastbarkeit, f

    FR

    • courant admissible, m
    • courant permanent admissible, m

    Русско-немецкий словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > длительный допустимый ток

  • 15 courant admissible, m

    1. длительный допустимый ток

     

    (длительный) допустимый ток
    Максимальное значение электрического тока, который может протекать длительно по проводнику, устройству или аппарату при определенных условиях без превышения определенного значения их температуры в установившемся режиме
    [ ГОСТ Р МЭК 60050-826-2009]

    Этот ток обозначают IZ
    [ ГОСТ Р 50571. 1-2009 ( МЭК 60364-1: 2005)]

    EN

    (continuous) current-carrying capacity
    ampacity (US)
    maximum value of electric current which can be carried continuously by a conductor, a device or an apparatus, under specified conditions without its steady-state temperature exceeding a specified value
    [IEV number 826-11-13]

    ampacity
    The current in amperes that a conductor can carry continuously under the conditions of use without exceeding its temperature rating.
    [National Electrical Cod]

    FR

    courant (permanent) admissible, m
    valeur maximale du courant électrique qui peut parcourir en permanence, un conducteur, un dispositif ou un appareil, sans que sa température de régime permanent, dans des conditions données, soit supérieure à la valeur spécifiée
    [IEV number 826-11-13]

    Ampacity, the term is defined as the maximum amount of current a cable can carry before sustaining immediate or progressive deterioration. Also described as current rating or current-carrying capacity, is the RMS electric current which a device can continuously carry while remaining within its temperature rating. The ampacity of a cable depends on:

    • its insulation temperature rating;
    • conductor electrical properties for current;
    • frequency, in the case of alternating currents;
    • ability to dissipate heat, which depends on cable geometry and its surroundings;
    • ambient temperature.

    Electric wires have some resistance, and electric current flowing through them causes voltage drop and power dissipation, which heats the cable. Copper or aluminum can conduct a large amount of current before melting, but long before the conductors melt, their insulation would be damaged by the heat.

    The ampacity for a power cable is thus based on physical and electrical properties of the material & construction of the conductor and of its insulation, ambient temperature, and environmental conditions adjacent to the cable. Having a large overall surface area may dissipate heat well if the environment can absorb the heat.

    In a long run of cable, different conditions govern, and installation regulations normally specify that the most severe condition along the run governs the cable's rating. Cables run in wet or oily locations may carry a lower temperature rating than in a dry installation. Derating is necessary for multiple circuits in close proximity. When multiple cables are near, each contributes heat to the others and diminishes the amount of cooling air that can flow past the individual cables. The overall ampacity of the insulated conductors in a bundle of more than 3 must be derated, whether in a raceway or cable. Usually the de-rating factor is tabulated in a nation's wiring regulations.

    Depending on the type of insulating material, common maximum allowable temperatures at the surface of the conductor are 60, 75 and 90 degrees Celsius, often with an ambient air temperature of 30°C. In the U.S., 105°C is allowed with ambient of 40°C, for larger power cables, especially those operating at more than 2 kV. Likewise, specific insulations are rated 150, 200 or 250°C.

    The allowed current in cables generally needs to be decreased (derated) when the cable is covered with fireproofing material.

    For example, the United States National Electric Code, Table 310-16, specifies that up to three 8 AWG copper wires having a common insulating material (THWN) in a raceway, cable, or direct burial has an ampacity of 50 A when the ambient air is 30°C, the conductor surface temperature allowed to be 75°C. A single insulated conductor in air has 70 A rating.

    Ampacity rating is normally for continuous current, and short periods of overcurrent occur without harm in most cabling systems. The acceptable magnitude and duration of overcurrent is a more complex topic than ampacity.

    When designing an electrical system, one will normally need to know the current rating for the following:

    Some devices are limited by power rating, and when this power rating occurs below their current limit, it is not necessary to know the current limit to design a system. A common example of this is lightbulb holders.

    [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampacity]

    Тематики

    • электротехника, основные понятия

    Синонимы

    EN

    DE

    • Dauerstrombelastbarkeit, f
    • Strombelastbarkeit, f

    FR

    • courant admissible, m
    • courant permanent admissible, m

    Франко-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > courant admissible, m

  • 16 courant permanent admissible, m

    1. длительный допустимый ток

     

    (длительный) допустимый ток
    Максимальное значение электрического тока, который может протекать длительно по проводнику, устройству или аппарату при определенных условиях без превышения определенного значения их температуры в установившемся режиме
    [ ГОСТ Р МЭК 60050-826-2009]

    Этот ток обозначают IZ
    [ ГОСТ Р 50571. 1-2009 ( МЭК 60364-1: 2005)]

    EN

    (continuous) current-carrying capacity
    ampacity (US)
    maximum value of electric current which can be carried continuously by a conductor, a device or an apparatus, under specified conditions without its steady-state temperature exceeding a specified value
    [IEV number 826-11-13]

    ampacity
    The current in amperes that a conductor can carry continuously under the conditions of use without exceeding its temperature rating.
    [National Electrical Cod]

    FR

    courant (permanent) admissible, m
    valeur maximale du courant électrique qui peut parcourir en permanence, un conducteur, un dispositif ou un appareil, sans que sa température de régime permanent, dans des conditions données, soit supérieure à la valeur spécifiée
    [IEV number 826-11-13]

    Ampacity, the term is defined as the maximum amount of current a cable can carry before sustaining immediate or progressive deterioration. Also described as current rating or current-carrying capacity, is the RMS electric current which a device can continuously carry while remaining within its temperature rating. The ampacity of a cable depends on:

    • its insulation temperature rating;
    • conductor electrical properties for current;
    • frequency, in the case of alternating currents;
    • ability to dissipate heat, which depends on cable geometry and its surroundings;
    • ambient temperature.

    Electric wires have some resistance, and electric current flowing through them causes voltage drop and power dissipation, which heats the cable. Copper or aluminum can conduct a large amount of current before melting, but long before the conductors melt, their insulation would be damaged by the heat.

    The ampacity for a power cable is thus based on physical and electrical properties of the material & construction of the conductor and of its insulation, ambient temperature, and environmental conditions adjacent to the cable. Having a large overall surface area may dissipate heat well if the environment can absorb the heat.

    In a long run of cable, different conditions govern, and installation regulations normally specify that the most severe condition along the run governs the cable's rating. Cables run in wet or oily locations may carry a lower temperature rating than in a dry installation. Derating is necessary for multiple circuits in close proximity. When multiple cables are near, each contributes heat to the others and diminishes the amount of cooling air that can flow past the individual cables. The overall ampacity of the insulated conductors in a bundle of more than 3 must be derated, whether in a raceway or cable. Usually the de-rating factor is tabulated in a nation's wiring regulations.

    Depending on the type of insulating material, common maximum allowable temperatures at the surface of the conductor are 60, 75 and 90 degrees Celsius, often with an ambient air temperature of 30°C. In the U.S., 105°C is allowed with ambient of 40°C, for larger power cables, especially those operating at more than 2 kV. Likewise, specific insulations are rated 150, 200 or 250°C.

    The allowed current in cables generally needs to be decreased (derated) when the cable is covered with fireproofing material.

    For example, the United States National Electric Code, Table 310-16, specifies that up to three 8 AWG copper wires having a common insulating material (THWN) in a raceway, cable, or direct burial has an ampacity of 50 A when the ambient air is 30°C, the conductor surface temperature allowed to be 75°C. A single insulated conductor in air has 70 A rating.

    Ampacity rating is normally for continuous current, and short periods of overcurrent occur without harm in most cabling systems. The acceptable magnitude and duration of overcurrent is a more complex topic than ampacity.

    When designing an electrical system, one will normally need to know the current rating for the following:

    Some devices are limited by power rating, and when this power rating occurs below their current limit, it is not necessary to know the current limit to design a system. A common example of this is lightbulb holders.

    [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampacity]

    Тематики

    • электротехника, основные понятия

    Синонимы

    EN

    DE

    • Dauerstrombelastbarkeit, f
    • Strombelastbarkeit, f

    FR

    • courant admissible, m
    • courant permanent admissible, m

    Франко-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > courant permanent admissible, m

  • 17 Dauerstrombelastbarkeit, f

    1. длительный допустимый ток

     

    (длительный) допустимый ток
    Максимальное значение электрического тока, который может протекать длительно по проводнику, устройству или аппарату при определенных условиях без превышения определенного значения их температуры в установившемся режиме
    [ ГОСТ Р МЭК 60050-826-2009]

    Этот ток обозначают IZ
    [ ГОСТ Р 50571. 1-2009 ( МЭК 60364-1: 2005)]

    EN

    (continuous) current-carrying capacity
    ampacity (US)
    maximum value of electric current which can be carried continuously by a conductor, a device or an apparatus, under specified conditions without its steady-state temperature exceeding a specified value
    [IEV number 826-11-13]

    ampacity
    The current in amperes that a conductor can carry continuously under the conditions of use without exceeding its temperature rating.
    [National Electrical Cod]

    FR

    courant (permanent) admissible, m
    valeur maximale du courant électrique qui peut parcourir en permanence, un conducteur, un dispositif ou un appareil, sans que sa température de régime permanent, dans des conditions données, soit supérieure à la valeur spécifiée
    [IEV number 826-11-13]

    Ampacity, the term is defined as the maximum amount of current a cable can carry before sustaining immediate or progressive deterioration. Also described as current rating or current-carrying capacity, is the RMS electric current which a device can continuously carry while remaining within its temperature rating. The ampacity of a cable depends on:

    • its insulation temperature rating;
    • conductor electrical properties for current;
    • frequency, in the case of alternating currents;
    • ability to dissipate heat, which depends on cable geometry and its surroundings;
    • ambient temperature.

    Electric wires have some resistance, and electric current flowing through them causes voltage drop and power dissipation, which heats the cable. Copper or aluminum can conduct a large amount of current before melting, but long before the conductors melt, their insulation would be damaged by the heat.

    The ampacity for a power cable is thus based on physical and electrical properties of the material & construction of the conductor and of its insulation, ambient temperature, and environmental conditions adjacent to the cable. Having a large overall surface area may dissipate heat well if the environment can absorb the heat.

    In a long run of cable, different conditions govern, and installation regulations normally specify that the most severe condition along the run governs the cable's rating. Cables run in wet or oily locations may carry a lower temperature rating than in a dry installation. Derating is necessary for multiple circuits in close proximity. When multiple cables are near, each contributes heat to the others and diminishes the amount of cooling air that can flow past the individual cables. The overall ampacity of the insulated conductors in a bundle of more than 3 must be derated, whether in a raceway or cable. Usually the de-rating factor is tabulated in a nation's wiring regulations.

    Depending on the type of insulating material, common maximum allowable temperatures at the surface of the conductor are 60, 75 and 90 degrees Celsius, often with an ambient air temperature of 30°C. In the U.S., 105°C is allowed with ambient of 40°C, for larger power cables, especially those operating at more than 2 kV. Likewise, specific insulations are rated 150, 200 or 250°C.

    The allowed current in cables generally needs to be decreased (derated) when the cable is covered with fireproofing material.

    For example, the United States National Electric Code, Table 310-16, specifies that up to three 8 AWG copper wires having a common insulating material (THWN) in a raceway, cable, or direct burial has an ampacity of 50 A when the ambient air is 30°C, the conductor surface temperature allowed to be 75°C. A single insulated conductor in air has 70 A rating.

    Ampacity rating is normally for continuous current, and short periods of overcurrent occur without harm in most cabling systems. The acceptable magnitude and duration of overcurrent is a more complex topic than ampacity.

    When designing an electrical system, one will normally need to know the current rating for the following:

    Some devices are limited by power rating, and when this power rating occurs below their current limit, it is not necessary to know the current limit to design a system. A common example of this is lightbulb holders.

    [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampacity]

    Тематики

    • электротехника, основные понятия

    Синонимы

    EN

    DE

    • Dauerstrombelastbarkeit, f
    • Strombelastbarkeit, f

    FR

    • courant admissible, m
    • courant permanent admissible, m

    Немецко-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > Dauerstrombelastbarkeit, f

  • 18 Strombelastbarkeit, f

    1. длительный допустимый ток

     

    (длительный) допустимый ток
    Максимальное значение электрического тока, который может протекать длительно по проводнику, устройству или аппарату при определенных условиях без превышения определенного значения их температуры в установившемся режиме
    [ ГОСТ Р МЭК 60050-826-2009]

    Этот ток обозначают IZ
    [ ГОСТ Р 50571. 1-2009 ( МЭК 60364-1: 2005)]

    EN

    (continuous) current-carrying capacity
    ampacity (US)
    maximum value of electric current which can be carried continuously by a conductor, a device or an apparatus, under specified conditions without its steady-state temperature exceeding a specified value
    [IEV number 826-11-13]

    ampacity
    The current in amperes that a conductor can carry continuously under the conditions of use without exceeding its temperature rating.
    [National Electrical Cod]

    FR

    courant (permanent) admissible, m
    valeur maximale du courant électrique qui peut parcourir en permanence, un conducteur, un dispositif ou un appareil, sans que sa température de régime permanent, dans des conditions données, soit supérieure à la valeur spécifiée
    [IEV number 826-11-13]

    Ampacity, the term is defined as the maximum amount of current a cable can carry before sustaining immediate or progressive deterioration. Also described as current rating or current-carrying capacity, is the RMS electric current which a device can continuously carry while remaining within its temperature rating. The ampacity of a cable depends on:

    • its insulation temperature rating;
    • conductor electrical properties for current;
    • frequency, in the case of alternating currents;
    • ability to dissipate heat, which depends on cable geometry and its surroundings;
    • ambient temperature.

    Electric wires have some resistance, and electric current flowing through them causes voltage drop and power dissipation, which heats the cable. Copper or aluminum can conduct a large amount of current before melting, but long before the conductors melt, their insulation would be damaged by the heat.

    The ampacity for a power cable is thus based on physical and electrical properties of the material & construction of the conductor and of its insulation, ambient temperature, and environmental conditions adjacent to the cable. Having a large overall surface area may dissipate heat well if the environment can absorb the heat.

    In a long run of cable, different conditions govern, and installation regulations normally specify that the most severe condition along the run governs the cable's rating. Cables run in wet or oily locations may carry a lower temperature rating than in a dry installation. Derating is necessary for multiple circuits in close proximity. When multiple cables are near, each contributes heat to the others and diminishes the amount of cooling air that can flow past the individual cables. The overall ampacity of the insulated conductors in a bundle of more than 3 must be derated, whether in a raceway or cable. Usually the de-rating factor is tabulated in a nation's wiring regulations.

    Depending on the type of insulating material, common maximum allowable temperatures at the surface of the conductor are 60, 75 and 90 degrees Celsius, often with an ambient air temperature of 30°C. In the U.S., 105°C is allowed with ambient of 40°C, for larger power cables, especially those operating at more than 2 kV. Likewise, specific insulations are rated 150, 200 or 250°C.

    The allowed current in cables generally needs to be decreased (derated) when the cable is covered with fireproofing material.

    For example, the United States National Electric Code, Table 310-16, specifies that up to three 8 AWG copper wires having a common insulating material (THWN) in a raceway, cable, or direct burial has an ampacity of 50 A when the ambient air is 30°C, the conductor surface temperature allowed to be 75°C. A single insulated conductor in air has 70 A rating.

    Ampacity rating is normally for continuous current, and short periods of overcurrent occur without harm in most cabling systems. The acceptable magnitude and duration of overcurrent is a more complex topic than ampacity.

    When designing an electrical system, one will normally need to know the current rating for the following:

    Some devices are limited by power rating, and when this power rating occurs below their current limit, it is not necessary to know the current limit to design a system. A common example of this is lightbulb holders.

    [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampacity]

    Тематики

    • электротехника, основные понятия

    Синонимы

    EN

    DE

    • Dauerstrombelastbarkeit, f
    • Strombelastbarkeit, f

    FR

    • courant admissible, m
    • courant permanent admissible, m

    Немецко-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > Strombelastbarkeit, f

  • 19 длительный допустимый ток

    1. current-carrying capacity
    2. continuous current-carrying capacity
    3. continuous current
    4. ampacity (US)

     

    (длительный) допустимый ток
    Максимальное значение электрического тока, который может протекать длительно по проводнику, устройству или аппарату при определенных условиях без превышения определенного значения их температуры в установившемся режиме
    [ ГОСТ Р МЭК 60050-826-2009]

    Этот ток обозначают IZ
    [ ГОСТ Р 50571. 1-2009 ( МЭК 60364-1: 2005)]

    EN

    (continuous) current-carrying capacity
    ampacity (US)
    maximum value of electric current which can be carried continuously by a conductor, a device or an apparatus, under specified conditions without its steady-state temperature exceeding a specified value
    [IEV number 826-11-13]

    ampacity
    The current in amperes that a conductor can carry continuously under the conditions of use without exceeding its temperature rating.
    [National Electrical Cod]

    FR

    courant (permanent) admissible, m
    valeur maximale du courant électrique qui peut parcourir en permanence, un conducteur, un dispositif ou un appareil, sans que sa température de régime permanent, dans des conditions données, soit supérieure à la valeur spécifiée
    [IEV number 826-11-13]

    Ampacity, the term is defined as the maximum amount of current a cable can carry before sustaining immediate or progressive deterioration. Also described as current rating or current-carrying capacity, is the RMS electric current which a device can continuously carry while remaining within its temperature rating. The ampacity of a cable depends on:

    • its insulation temperature rating;
    • conductor electrical properties for current;
    • frequency, in the case of alternating currents;
    • ability to dissipate heat, which depends on cable geometry and its surroundings;
    • ambient temperature.

    Electric wires have some resistance, and electric current flowing through them causes voltage drop and power dissipation, which heats the cable. Copper or aluminum can conduct a large amount of current before melting, but long before the conductors melt, their insulation would be damaged by the heat.

    The ampacity for a power cable is thus based on physical and electrical properties of the material & construction of the conductor and of its insulation, ambient temperature, and environmental conditions adjacent to the cable. Having a large overall surface area may dissipate heat well if the environment can absorb the heat.

    In a long run of cable, different conditions govern, and installation regulations normally specify that the most severe condition along the run governs the cable's rating. Cables run in wet or oily locations may carry a lower temperature rating than in a dry installation. Derating is necessary for multiple circuits in close proximity. When multiple cables are near, each contributes heat to the others and diminishes the amount of cooling air that can flow past the individual cables. The overall ampacity of the insulated conductors in a bundle of more than 3 must be derated, whether in a raceway or cable. Usually the de-rating factor is tabulated in a nation's wiring regulations.

    Depending on the type of insulating material, common maximum allowable temperatures at the surface of the conductor are 60, 75 and 90 degrees Celsius, often with an ambient air temperature of 30°C. In the U.S., 105°C is allowed with ambient of 40°C, for larger power cables, especially those operating at more than 2 kV. Likewise, specific insulations are rated 150, 200 or 250°C.

    The allowed current in cables generally needs to be decreased (derated) when the cable is covered with fireproofing material.

    For example, the United States National Electric Code, Table 310-16, specifies that up to three 8 AWG copper wires having a common insulating material (THWN) in a raceway, cable, or direct burial has an ampacity of 50 A when the ambient air is 30°C, the conductor surface temperature allowed to be 75°C. A single insulated conductor in air has 70 A rating.

    Ampacity rating is normally for continuous current, and short periods of overcurrent occur without harm in most cabling systems. The acceptable magnitude and duration of overcurrent is a more complex topic than ampacity.

    When designing an electrical system, one will normally need to know the current rating for the following:

    Some devices are limited by power rating, and when this power rating occurs below their current limit, it is not necessary to know the current limit to design a system. A common example of this is lightbulb holders.

    [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampacity]

    Тематики

    • электротехника, основные понятия

    Синонимы

    EN

    DE

    • Dauerstrombelastbarkeit, f
    • Strombelastbarkeit, f

    FR

    • courant admissible, m
    • courant permanent admissible, m

    Русско-английский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > длительный допустимый ток

  • 20 длительный допустимый ток

    1. courant permanent admissible, m
    2. courant admissible, m

     

    (длительный) допустимый ток
    Максимальное значение электрического тока, который может протекать длительно по проводнику, устройству или аппарату при определенных условиях без превышения определенного значения их температуры в установившемся режиме
    [ ГОСТ Р МЭК 60050-826-2009]

    Этот ток обозначают IZ
    [ ГОСТ Р 50571. 1-2009 ( МЭК 60364-1: 2005)]

    EN

    (continuous) current-carrying capacity
    ampacity (US)
    maximum value of electric current which can be carried continuously by a conductor, a device or an apparatus, under specified conditions without its steady-state temperature exceeding a specified value
    [IEV number 826-11-13]

    ampacity
    The current in amperes that a conductor can carry continuously under the conditions of use without exceeding its temperature rating.
    [National Electrical Cod]

    FR

    courant (permanent) admissible, m
    valeur maximale du courant électrique qui peut parcourir en permanence, un conducteur, un dispositif ou un appareil, sans que sa température de régime permanent, dans des conditions données, soit supérieure à la valeur spécifiée
    [IEV number 826-11-13]

    Ampacity, the term is defined as the maximum amount of current a cable can carry before sustaining immediate or progressive deterioration. Also described as current rating or current-carrying capacity, is the RMS electric current which a device can continuously carry while remaining within its temperature rating. The ampacity of a cable depends on:

    • its insulation temperature rating;
    • conductor electrical properties for current;
    • frequency, in the case of alternating currents;
    • ability to dissipate heat, which depends on cable geometry and its surroundings;
    • ambient temperature.

    Electric wires have some resistance, and electric current flowing through them causes voltage drop and power dissipation, which heats the cable. Copper or aluminum can conduct a large amount of current before melting, but long before the conductors melt, their insulation would be damaged by the heat.

    The ampacity for a power cable is thus based on physical and electrical properties of the material & construction of the conductor and of its insulation, ambient temperature, and environmental conditions adjacent to the cable. Having a large overall surface area may dissipate heat well if the environment can absorb the heat.

    In a long run of cable, different conditions govern, and installation regulations normally specify that the most severe condition along the run governs the cable's rating. Cables run in wet or oily locations may carry a lower temperature rating than in a dry installation. Derating is necessary for multiple circuits in close proximity. When multiple cables are near, each contributes heat to the others and diminishes the amount of cooling air that can flow past the individual cables. The overall ampacity of the insulated conductors in a bundle of more than 3 must be derated, whether in a raceway or cable. Usually the de-rating factor is tabulated in a nation's wiring regulations.

    Depending on the type of insulating material, common maximum allowable temperatures at the surface of the conductor are 60, 75 and 90 degrees Celsius, often with an ambient air temperature of 30°C. In the U.S., 105°C is allowed with ambient of 40°C, for larger power cables, especially those operating at more than 2 kV. Likewise, specific insulations are rated 150, 200 or 250°C.

    The allowed current in cables generally needs to be decreased (derated) when the cable is covered with fireproofing material.

    For example, the United States National Electric Code, Table 310-16, specifies that up to three 8 AWG copper wires having a common insulating material (THWN) in a raceway, cable, or direct burial has an ampacity of 50 A when the ambient air is 30°C, the conductor surface temperature allowed to be 75°C. A single insulated conductor in air has 70 A rating.

    Ampacity rating is normally for continuous current, and short periods of overcurrent occur without harm in most cabling systems. The acceptable magnitude and duration of overcurrent is a more complex topic than ampacity.

    When designing an electrical system, one will normally need to know the current rating for the following:

    Some devices are limited by power rating, and when this power rating occurs below their current limit, it is not necessary to know the current limit to design a system. A common example of this is lightbulb holders.

    [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampacity]

    Тематики

    • электротехника, основные понятия

    Синонимы

    EN

    DE

    • Dauerstrombelastbarkeit, f
    • Strombelastbarkeit, f

    FR

    • courant admissible, m
    • courant permanent admissible, m

    Русско-французский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > длительный допустимый ток

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